Global home-buying research

Buying a home does not work the same everywhere.

Mortgage terms, ownership systems and government help differ sharply by country. This guide explains the normal buying style in every market currently supported by our mortgage calculator, based primarily on official housing, finance and tax sources.

Reviewed September 15, 2026 · 40 markets · Educational planning guide

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US

North America

United States

How buying usually works

Fee-simple ownership is common. Buyers typically combine a down payment with a long-amortization mortgage and may escrow property tax and homeowners insurance with the monthly payment.

Common loan styles

  • Conventional conforming fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgages
  • FHA-insured loans, VA-guaranteed loans and USDA-guaranteed rural loans
  • Jumbo / non-conforming loans and state housing-finance-agency products

Government or structured support

  • Eligible conventional programs may allow 3% down; FHA may allow 3.5%
  • VA and USDA programs can permit zero down for eligible borrowers and properties
  • Assistance from states and local housing agencies varies and is not a single nationwide cash grant

What the calculator must handle

  • PITI, mortgage insurance and financed guarantee fees
  • County-specific program limits and taxes require a local quote
  • Fixed-rate, ARM and program eligibility should remain separate

Primary references: HUD FHA guidance · VA purchase loans · USDA guaranteed loans

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CA

North America

Canada

How buying usually works

Mortgages have a full amortization period but usually a shorter contractual term that must be renewed. Fixed-rate loans conventionally use semiannual compounding; insured and uninsured lending rules differ.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate and variable-rate mortgages
  • High-ratio insured mortgages when the down payment is below 20%, subject to price and eligibility rules
  • Conventional uninsured mortgages, readvanceable products and home-equity lines

Government or structured support

  • First Home Savings Account: tax-deductible contributions up to CA$8,000 annually and CA$40,000 lifetime
  • Home Buyers’ Plan: eligible RRSP withdrawal up to CA$60,000
  • Provincial land-transfer rebates and shared-equity programs vary by location

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate amortization from renewal term
  • Apply Canadian compounding and price-based minimum down payment
  • Treat insurance premium, transfer tax and post-renewal rate as separate inputs

Primary references: FCAC down payments · CRA FHSA · CRA Home Buyers’ Plan

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GB

Europe

United Kingdom

How buying usually works

Borrowers commonly take a repayment mortgage with a two- to five-year fixed deal, then remortgage or move to a reversion rate. Tracker and interest-only structures also exist. Purchase taxes differ across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Common loan styles

  • Capital-repayment fixed, tracker and variable-rate mortgages
  • Interest-only mortgages with a separately demonstrated repayment strategy
  • Shared Ownership purchases combining a mortgage on a share with rent on the remainder

Government or structured support

  • Lifetime ISA provides a 25% government bonus on eligible first-home savings, within contribution and property limits
  • Shared Ownership and First Homes apply to qualifying buyers and properties
  • The permanent Mortgage Guarantee Scheme supports participating 91–95% LTV lending; it is a lender guarantee, not buyer cash

What the calculator must handle

  • Model the deal period separately from the full mortgage term
  • Keep stamp duty / LBTT / LTT and service charges outside the loan payment
  • Interest-only must retain the principal as a final balance

Primary references: MoneyHelper mortgage types · GOV.UK affordable home schemes · GOV.UK Lifetime ISA

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AU

Asia-Pacific

Australia

How buying usually works

Variable-rate lending is common and loans often include offset accounts or redraw. Fixed periods are typically shorter than the full term. Interest commonly accrues daily even when repayments are monthly, fortnightly or weekly.

Common loan styles

  • Variable principal-and-interest loans with offset or redraw
  • Fixed-rate loans that revert or require a new selection after the fixed period
  • Interest-only periods, commonly for investors, followed by principal-and-interest repayments

Government or structured support

  • The Australian Government 5% Deposit Scheme supports eligible buyers with a government guarantee rather than a cash payment
  • The Family Home Guarantee can support eligible single parents with a smaller deposit
  • First Home Super Saver and state grants or stamp-duty concessions have separate eligibility rules

What the calculator must handle

  • Use actual-days interest where possible and distinguish payment frequency
  • Offset balance reduces interest but is not a down-payment grant
  • LMI, stamp duty and state concessions require quoted or location-specific inputs

Primary references: ASIC MoneySmart home loans · Housing Australia Home Guarantee Scheme · ATO First Home Super Saver

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IN

Asia

India

How buying usually works

Home loans are commonly repaid as EMIs on a reducing balance. Floating rates can change the EMI, remaining tenure or both. Stamp duty and registration are state matters and lender benchmark spreads vary.

Common loan styles

  • Floating-rate and fixed-rate bank or housing-finance-company loans
  • Construction, plot-plus-construction, home-improvement and balance-transfer loans
  • Subsidized or priority-sector products for qualifying households

Government or structured support

  • PMAY-U 2.0 uses targeted assistance, including an interest-subsidy component for eligible urban households
  • Eligibility depends on income, ownership, property and program rules; older PMAY subsidy tables should not be silently reused
  • State housing boards and stamp-duty concessions can add local benefits

What the calculator must handle

  • Model EMI reset choice and never infer the lender spread
  • Keep stamp duty, registration and taxes as state-specific inputs
  • Do not apply an expired PMAY schedule to a current purchase

Primary references: RBI floating-rate reset rules · PMAY-U 2.0

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DE

Europe

Germany

How buying usually works

The usual product is an annuity loan with a fixed interest period, often shorter than the total payoff horizon, leaving a balance for follow-on financing. Buyers also budget separately for transfer tax, notary, land registry and sometimes broker fees.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-period annuity mortgage with follow-on financing
  • Variable-rate or forward-rate financing
  • Bauspar savings-and-loan combinations and KfW-supported lending through a house bank

Government or structured support

  • KfW programs can offer promotional loans for homeownership, families, energy-efficient construction or renovation
  • Benefits depend on household, building standard and application timing; financing usually must be arranged before work or purchase commitments
  • There is no universal federal first-buyer cash down-payment grant

What the calculator must handle

  • Show residual balance at the end of the fixed period
  • Keep acquisition costs separate from the mortgage
  • Energy-efficiency financing should be an optional program layer, not an automatic discount

Primary references: BaFin mortgage guidance · KfW home programs

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FR

Europe

France

How buying usually works

Fixed-rate amortizing mortgages dominate. Borrower insurance is a major separate cost, and debt-service constraints affect qualification. Notary and transfer costs must be budgeted outside the advertised property price.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate amortizing prêt immobilier
  • Variable or capped-variable loans
  • Regulated or assisted loans such as PTZ, PAS and eligible employer-linked Action Logement loans

Government or structured support

  • Prêt à taux zéro can finance part of a qualifying first main-home purchase; it is not a complete zero-interest mortgage
  • PAS targets qualifying lower-income households
  • Energy-renovation assistance and local support may apply separately

What the calculator must handle

  • Combine assisted and market-rate tranches separately
  • Include borrower insurance as a distinct recurring cost
  • Do not infer PTZ eligibility from country alone

Primary references: French Economy Ministry mortgage guidance · Service-Public PTZ

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ES

Europe

Spain

How buying usually works

Fixed, variable and mixed mortgages are common. Variable loans typically reference Euribor plus a margin. Buyers separately pay transfer tax or VAT/AJD, valuation, registry and other transaction costs.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate mortgage
  • Euribor-linked variable mortgage
  • Mixed mortgage with an initial fixed period followed by a variable rate

Government or structured support

  • The ICO first-home guarantee line supports qualifying young buyers and families by guaranteeing part of eligible financing
  • Autonomous communities may offer tax relief, guarantees or housing programs
  • A guarantee can reduce the deposit barrier but is not cash handed to the buyer

What the calculator must handle

  • Model fixed-to-variable reset for mixed loans
  • Separate Euribor assumption from lender margin
  • Regional taxes and ICO eligibility need dedicated inputs

Primary references: Banco de España mortgage guidance · ICO first-home guarantee

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IT

Europe

Italy

How buying usually works

Mutui are offered at fixed, variable and mixed rates. Loan-to-value, appraisal and borrower affordability determine financing; purchase tax, notary and agency fees sit outside the monthly mortgage.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate mutuo
  • Variable-rate Euribor or ECB-linked mutuo
  • Mixed, capped or switchable-rate products

Government or structured support

  • The Consap First Home Guarantee Fund guarantees eligible mortgages rather than paying a universal deposit
  • Priority and enhanced-guarantee categories can include younger buyers and other protected groups, subject to current law and fund rules
  • Tax benefits for a principal home are separate from loan pricing

What the calculator must handle

  • Guarantee percentage is not a cash contribution
  • Regional and cadastral tax treatment needs property-specific data
  • Variable reference rate and lender spread should be separate

Primary references: Banca d’Italia mortgage guide · Consap First Home Fund

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NL

Europe

Netherlands

How buying usually works

Annuity and linear repayment mortgages are standard for new borrowing that seeks mortgage-interest tax treatment. Rates are often fixed for a selected period rather than the full 30-year horizon.

Common loan styles

  • Annuity mortgage with level gross payments
  • Linear mortgage with faster principal reduction
  • Limited interest-only borrowing, subject to lender and tax rules

Government or structured support

  • National Mortgage Guarantee (NHG) can reduce lender risk and may improve pricing; the 2026 general property limit is €470,000
  • Municipal Starterslening support is location-dependent
  • Energy-saving measures can receive additional financing under defined rules

What the calculator must handle

  • Support annuity versus linear amortization
  • Show the fixed-rate period and remaining balance separately
  • NHG is a guarantee with a fee, not a buyer grant

Primary references: AFM mortgage guidance · NHG 2026 limit

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CH

Europe

Switzerland

How buying usually works

Buyers often use a first mortgage plus a second-ranking portion that must be amortized. Fixed-rate, SARON-linked and variable mortgages coexist. Affordability is commonly stress-tested at a rate above the contract rate.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate mortgage
  • SARON-linked money-market mortgage
  • Variable mortgage and split-tranche combinations

Government or structured support

  • Eligible occupational-pension and pillar 3a assets may be withdrawn or pledged for an owner-occupied home
  • Pension use reduces retirement assets or encumbers them; it is not a government grant
  • Cantonal tax treatment and promotion programs vary

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate first and second mortgage / required amortization
  • Add an affordability stress-rate mode distinct from payment rate
  • Model pension funds as buyer equity or pledged collateral, never free money

Primary references: Swiss government home financing · FINMA mortgage market guidance

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IE

Europe

Ireland

How buying usually works

Fixed-rate periods and variable rates are both common. Central Bank loan-to-income and loan-to-value rules shape maximum lending, while stamp duty, legal fees and valuation remain separate.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate repayment mortgage
  • Variable or tracker mortgage where available
  • Local Authority Home Loan and participating-lender mortgages combined with shared-equity support

Government or structured support

  • Help to Buy is a tax refund for qualifying first-time buyers of new homes or self-builds
  • First Home Scheme shared equity can bridge up to 30% of eligible cost, or 20% when combined with Help to Buy
  • The shared-equity amount is not a deposit grant and changes with the home’s value

What the calculator must handle

  • Apply deposit, mortgage and shared-equity layers separately
  • Model future equity redemption and service charges
  • Property price ceilings and local-authority location matter

Primary references: CCPC mortgage tools · First Home Scheme · Revenue Help to Buy

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JP

Asia

Japan

How buying usually works

Floating-rate mortgages are common, alongside fixed-period and full-term fixed products. Land and building values are distinguished, and condominium management and repair-reserve fees sit outside the mortgage.

Common loan styles

  • Floating-rate bank mortgage
  • Fixed-period mortgage that resets after the selected term
  • Flat 35 long-term fixed mortgage offered through lenders with the Japan Housing Finance Agency

Government or structured support

  • Flat 35 S and related programs may reduce rates for qualifying energy-efficient, durable or family-oriented homes
  • Home-loan tax deductions depend on occupancy, income, building and tax-year rules
  • Local relocation, vacant-home and family support programs vary and are not national entitlements

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate land/building and condo fees when data is available
  • Fixed-period and full-term fixed are different products
  • Government-linked rate reductions require property certification

Primary references: Flat 35 · Japan Housing Finance Agency

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KR

Asia

South Korea

How buying usually works

Home purchase uses bank mortgages subject to strict debt and loan-to-value controls. Jeonse is a separate rental structure involving a large refundable deposit, so jeonse loans must not be modeled as purchase mortgages.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed, variable and mixed-rate bank mortgages
  • Bogeumjari long-term fixed policy mortgage
  • Didimdol purchase loans and special policy loans for eligible newlyweds or households with newborn children
  • Jeonse deposit loans for tenants

Government or structured support

  • Newlywed and newborn households can receive preferential policy-loan terms or access to special housing supply, subject to income, asset, price and occupancy conditions
  • Seoul and other local governments operate rental, interest and marriage support programs with their own limits
  • No official source reviewed supports a blanket national US$50,000 cash down-payment payment to every married couple

What the calculator must handle

  • Ask whether the user is buying or financing a jeonse deposit
  • Treat preferential interest, higher loan limit and cash grant as separate benefit types
  • Require program year, household status, income/assets and property location before estimating support

Primary references: Korea Housing Finance Corporation · MOLIT Housing and Urban Fund · Seoul newlywed public rental program

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CN

Asia

China

How buying usually works

Homebuyers may use a commercial mortgage, a lower-rate Housing Provident Fund loan or a combination. Commercial floating pricing is generally linked to the loan prime rate, while down-payment and purchase restrictions can vary by city and buyer status.

Common loan styles

  • Commercial-bank fixed or LPR-linked mortgage
  • Housing Provident Fund loan
  • Combination provident-fund and commercial mortgage

Government or structured support

  • Provident-fund balances and preferential loan rates support eligible contributing workers
  • First-home down-payment, rate floors, purchase restrictions and local subsidies change by city and policy period
  • Green-building or talent programs can raise local loan quotas but are not national buyer grants

What the calculator must handle

  • Require city, first-home status and provident-fund eligibility
  • Separate reference rate, lender adjustment and policy-loan tranche
  • Do not infer national purchase eligibility from country alone

Primary references: People’s Bank of China · State Council housing policy

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PH

Asia

Philippines

How buying usually works

Bank home loans often fix the rate for an introductory period and reprice afterward. Pag-IBIG Fund offers member housing loans, including affordable-housing terms for qualifying low-income borrowers.

Common loan styles

  • Bank fixed-period home loan with repricing
  • Pag-IBIG Fund housing loan
  • Developer financing and construction or home-improvement loans

Government or structured support

  • Pag-IBIG Affordable Housing Program provides subsidized pricing for eligible members within income and property limits
  • Socialized and economic housing programs are targeted; they are not universal deposit grants
  • Overseas Filipino workers may qualify through membership and documented income rules

What the calculator must handle

  • Model the fixed period and repricing rate separately
  • Keep developer financing distinct from bank or Pag-IBIG amortization
  • Eligibility requires membership, income, property and loan-purpose fields

Primary references: Pag-IBIG Fund housing loans · BSP consumer protection

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SG

Asia

Singapore

How buying usually works

The market separates subsidized HDB flats, HDB resale flats, executive condominiums and private property. Eligible HDB buyers may choose an HDB concessionary loan or financing-institution loan; private-property buyers use bank financing.

Common loan styles

  • HDB concessionary housing loan for eligible flat buyers
  • Bank / financial-institution fixed or floating home loan
  • CPF Ordinary Account savings used for eligible purchase and servicing costs

Government or structured support

  • Proximity Housing Grant applies to eligible resale-flat buyers living with or within 4 km of parents or children
  • Enhanced CPF Housing Grant and resale-family grants depend on household, income, citizenship and flat eligibility
  • The HDB concessionary rate is 2.60% for July–September 2026; it is reviewed against the CPF Ordinary Account rate

What the calculator must handle

  • Start by selecting HDB new, HDB resale, EC or private property
  • PHG is CPF grant support, not a private-home discount or unrestricted cash
  • Apply citizenship, family nucleus, income ceiling, prior subsidy and minimum-occupation rules before showing a benefit

Primary references: HDB housing loan · CPF Proximity Housing Grant guide · HDB concessionary rate

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AE

Middle East

United Arab Emirates

How buying usually works

Conventional and Islamic home finance coexist. Fixed periods commonly revert to a variable benchmark-plus-margin rate. Land-department fees, valuation, insurance and service charges are separate.

Common loan styles

  • Conventional fixed-period or variable mortgage
  • Islamic Murabaha or Ijara home finance
  • Construction and citizen-housing finance

Government or structured support

  • Federal and emirate housing programs primarily support eligible UAE citizens through loans, grants or housing allocation
  • Expatriate buyers generally rely on commercial finance and do not receive a nationwide first-buyer cash grant
  • Residency-by-property rules are separate immigration rules, not mortgage subsidies

What the calculator must handle

  • Select conventional versus Islamic finance before calculation
  • Do not call profit rate “interest” in an Islamic-finance result
  • Citizenship, emirate and property status determine support

Primary references: Central Bank consumer information · Sheikh Zayed Housing Programme

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NZ

Asia-Pacific

New Zealand

How buying usually works

Borrowers commonly split loans into fixed and floating portions. Revolving-credit and offset structures exist, and fixed terms are shorter than the full amortization period.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate table mortgage
  • Floating-rate mortgage
  • Offset or revolving-credit home loan and split-loan structures

Government or structured support

  • Kāinga Ora First Home Loan can reduce the required deposit to 5% for eligible buyers, subject to lender and program criteria
  • Eligible KiwiSaver members may make a first-home withdrawal
  • The former First Home Grant closed in 2024 and must not be shown as current

What the calculator must handle

  • Allow split balances and multiple fixed-rate expiry dates
  • Treat KiwiSaver withdrawal as buyer funds, not a grant
  • Test First Home Loan eligibility separately from payment math

Primary references: Kāinga Ora First Home Loan · Inland Revenue KiwiSaver first-home withdrawal

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MX

North America

Mexico

How buying usually works

Peso-denominated fixed-rate bank mortgages are common. Formal-sector workers may finance through Infonavit or Fovissste, sometimes combined with bank credit and housing-subaccount savings.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate bank mortgage, plus less-common variable structures
  • Infonavit credit and bank-plus-Infonavit co-financing
  • Fovissste products for qualifying public-sector workers

Government or structured support

  • Employer housing-subaccount contributions can build purchase capacity for eligible Infonavit members
  • Unamos Créditos allows qualifying participants to combine financing
  • Benefits depend on employment system, savings, wage and property rules; there is no blanket federal cash deposit

What the calculator must handle

  • Ask bank, Infonavit, Fovissste or combined financing
  • Separate subaccount savings from borrowed principal
  • Model fixed peso payment, fees and insurance from the actual quote

Primary references: Infonavit credit and housing subaccount · CONDUSEF mortgage comparison

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BR

South America

Brazil

How buying usually works

Housing finance commonly uses the SAC declining-payment system or Price level-payment system. Balances can be linked to TR or inflation indices, which changes the payoff path materially.

Common loan styles

  • SAC amortization with declining payments
  • Price-system level payment
  • SFH / SFI financing, FGTS-backed products and indexed-rate contracts

Government or structured support

  • Minha Casa, Minha Vida combines targeted subsidies and lower-cost financing for qualifying income bands and properties
  • Eligible workers may use FGTS toward the down payment, amortization or installments
  • Program ceilings, income bands and local property caps must be current

What the calculator must handle

  • Offer SAC and Price as separate amortization methods
  • Model TR/IPCA indexation separately from nominal interest
  • Treat FGTS as buyer funds and subsidy as a separate verified amount

Primary references: Minha Casa, Minha Vida · Caixa housing finance

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ZA

Africa

South Africa

How buying usually works

Home loans are usually variable at prime minus or plus a negotiated margin, with shorter fixed-rate options. Transfer duty, conveyancing, bond-registration costs and municipal charges are separate.

Common loan styles

  • Prime-linked variable home loan
  • Short fixed-rate home loan
  • Access bond / flexi facility that allows eligible prepaid funds to be redrawn

Government or structured support

  • First Home Finance, formerly FLISP, is a once-off subsidy used to reduce the principal for eligible first-time buyers
  • The subsidy requires approved housing finance and income, citizenship/residency and property conditions
  • Employer, provincial and municipal initiatives vary

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate bond payment from transfer and registration costs
  • Apply the subsidy to principal only after eligibility is confirmed
  • Model access-bond redraw as liquidity, not automatic savings

Primary references: First Home Finance · National Credit Regulator

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HK

Asia

Hong Kong

How buying usually works

Mortgages are commonly priced from HIBOR or bank prime with a lender margin. Mortgage insurance can support higher loan-to-value borrowing, while stamp duty and legal costs remain separate.

Common loan styles

  • HIBOR-linked mortgage
  • Prime-linked mortgage
  • Fixed-rate or capped-rate offers and mortgage-insurance-supported lending

Government or structured support

  • HKMC Mortgage Insurance Programme can support eligible owner-occupier purchases above ordinary bank LTV levels
  • Eligibility, property value, income and premium rules apply; it is insurance, not a cash grant
  • Public-housing purchase schemes follow separate rules

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate reference rate from lender margin
  • Add mortgage-insurance premium only when selected
  • Keep stamp duty and legal fees outside the loan

Primary references: HKMA mortgage information · HKMC Mortgage Insurance Programme

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TW

Asia

Taiwan

How buying usually works

Banks offer fixed, adjustable and hybrid housing loans. First-home policy loans may have subsidized interest for qualifying owner-occupiers.

Common loan styles

  • Adjustable-rate bank mortgage
  • Fixed or stepped-rate mortgage
  • New Youth Housing Loan and other policy-linked loans

Government or structured support

  • The New Youth Housing Loan program can provide preferential terms through participating state-owned banks
  • Program caps, age, ownership and occupancy requirements must be checked for the current application year
  • Local social-housing and interest-support programs vary

What the calculator must handle

  • Keep subsidized rate and commercial rate as separate scenarios
  • Do not infer eligibility from age alone
  • Enter deed, tax and insurance costs separately

Primary references: Taiwan Ministry of Finance housing-loan information · Central Bank of Taiwan

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ID

Asia

Indonesia

How buying usually works

KPR mortgages often use an introductory fixed rate followed by a floating bank rate. Notary, transfer, tax and insurance costs are separate.

Common loan styles

  • KPR bank mortgage
  • Sharia home finance using murabaha or musyarakah structures
  • FLPP subsidized mortgage for qualifying households

Government or structured support

  • FLPP and Tapera-linked programs can provide lower-cost financing and down-payment assistance for qualifying first homes
  • Income, property-price, occupancy and participating-lender limits apply
  • The benefit is targeted, not a universal minimum deposit

What the calculator must handle

  • Model introductory and floating periods separately
  • Select conventional or Sharia structure
  • Apply subsidy only after eligibility is confirmed

Primary references: Indonesia housing-finance fund BP Tapera · Bank Indonesia LTV policy

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MY

Asia

Malaysia

How buying usually works

Conventional mortgages and Islamic home financing coexist, usually with variable pricing linked to a bank reference rate. Stamp duty, valuation, legal fees and insurance/takaful are separate.

Common loan styles

  • Conventional variable or fixed-period home loan
  • Islamic home financing
  • SJKP-guaranteed financing through participating institutions

Government or structured support

  • SJKP can guarantee eligible financing for first-home buyers including some applicants without fixed income
  • Eligible EPF members may withdraw Account 2 savings for a home
  • Guarantees and savings withdrawals are not cash grants

What the calculator must handle

  • Distinguish interest from Islamic profit-rate presentation
  • Treat EPF withdrawal as buyer funds
  • Keep guarantee eligibility separate from payment math

Primary references: SJKP housing-credit guarantee · Bank Negara Malaysia consumer guidance

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TH

Asia

Thailand

How buying usually works

Housing loans commonly have promotional fixed rates followed by MRR-linked floating rates. Loan-to-value limits and bank affordability tests affect the deposit.

Common loan styles

  • Introductory fixed then MRR-linked mortgage
  • Floating-rate mortgage
  • Government Housing Bank products

Government or structured support

  • Government Housing Bank offers targeted products and campaigns for eligible buyers
  • Government welfare and low-income housing measures change by program and budget
  • There is no universal cash down-payment grant

What the calculator must handle

  • Model promotional and post-promotion rates separately
  • Keep MRR and lender spread visible
  • Do not assume a national minimum deposit for every buyer

Primary references: Bank of Thailand LTV measures · Government Housing Bank

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VN

Asia

Vietnam

How buying usually works

Commercial housing loans often advertise an initial preferential rate that later resets to a bank reference plus margin. Property eligibility and title due diligence are important.

Common loan styles

  • Promotional fixed-period bank mortgage
  • Floating-rate housing loan
  • Preferential social-housing credit for eligible borrowers

Government or structured support

  • Preferential social-housing lending targets defined households and approved projects
  • Program funding, income, residence and housing-status conditions apply
  • Benefits are subsidized credit, not a general buyer grant

What the calculator must handle

  • Show promotional end date and reset rate
  • Keep land-use-right and transaction costs separate
  • Require program and property eligibility before applying support

Primary references: State Bank of Vietnam · Ministry of Construction

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SA

Middle East

Saudi Arabia

How buying usually works

Conventional mortgages and Sharia-compliant murabaha or ijara home finance coexist. Profit rates, fees and government support depend on the lender and applicant.

Common loan styles

  • Murabaha home finance
  • Ijara lease-to-own finance
  • Conventional or government-supported housing finance

Government or structured support

  • Sakani and the Real Estate Development Fund provide eligible Saudi households with housing options and financing support
  • Support can include subsidized profit, guarantees or housing products rather than unrestricted cash
  • Citizenship, household and affordability rules apply

What the calculator must handle

  • Use profit-rate terminology for Islamic finance
  • Apply subsidy as a separate verified layer
  • Keep VAT, real-estate transaction tax and fees separate

Primary references: Sakani · Saudi Central Bank housing-finance rules

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IL

Middle East

Israel

How buying usually works

Borrowers commonly combine fixed, variable, prime-linked and CPI-linked tracks. Bank of Israel LTV ceilings differ for first, replacement and investment homes.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed unlinked mortgage track
  • Prime-linked variable track
  • CPI-linked fixed or variable track

Government or structured support

  • Eligibility certificates can support Ministry of Construction and Housing loans for qualifying households
  • Discounted-land or apartment programs have allocation and eligibility rules
  • No universal first-home cash deposit is assumed

What the calculator must handle

  • Allow multiple loan tracks
  • Model CPI-linked principal separately
  • Select buyer status before applying an LTV ceiling

Primary references: Bank of Israel mortgage guidance · Israel Ministry of Construction and Housing

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SE

Europe

Sweden

How buying usually works

Variable or short-fixed mortgages dominate. The mortgage cap generally requires buyer equity, and amortization requirements depend on LTV and debt-to-income.

Common loan styles

  • Three-month variable mortgage
  • Fixed-period mortgage
  • Construction loan converted to a mortgage

Government or structured support

  • Mortgage interest can receive tax treatment subject to current tax rules
  • Municipal or cooperative housing options affect costs but are not deposit grants
  • No universal national first-buyer grant is assumed

What the calculator must handle

  • Apply mortgage cap and amortization rules separately
  • Keep tenant-owner association fee outside the mortgage
  • Do not treat interest deduction as a rate discount

Primary references: Finansinspektionen mortgage rules · Swedish Tax Agency interest deductions

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NO

Europe

Norway

How buying usually works

Floating-rate mortgages are common, with fixed periods also available. Regulation limits LTV and requires affordability testing and amortization for higher-LTV loans.

Common loan styles

  • Floating-rate repayment mortgage
  • Fixed-rate mortgage
  • Startlån municipal housing loan

Government or structured support

  • Husbanken-funded Startlån can help qualifying households who cannot obtain sufficient ordinary bank finance
  • Municipalities assess long-term ability, need and property suitability
  • It is targeted finance, not a universal deposit grant

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate ordinary bank loan and Startlån tranches
  • Apply affordability stress separately from payment rate
  • Include common-cost charges for apartments

Primary references: Norwegian lending regulation · Husbanken Startlån

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DK

Europe

Denmark

How buying usually works

Purchases commonly combine a mortgage-credit loan funded by covered bonds, a bank top-up and buyer funds. Fixed, adjustable and interest-only structures coexist.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate callable mortgage-credit loan
  • Adjustable-rate mortgage-credit loan
  • Interest-only mortgage-credit loan plus bank top-up

Government or structured support

  • Municipal loans may help eligible residents with deposits for certain rental housing, not ordinary owner purchases
  • First-home buyers generally rely on savings and commercial finance
  • Energy-renovation support is property- and program-specific

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate mortgage-credit and bank-loan balances
  • Include contribution fee as distinct from bond interest
  • Model refinancing and interest-only expiry

Primary references: Danish FSA mortgage guidance · Danmarks Nationalbank mortgage-credit overview

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BE

Europe

Belgium

How buying usually works

Fixed-rate amortizing mortgages are common, with variable products also available. Registration tax and buyer assistance differ across Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate mortgage
  • Variable-rate mortgage with statutory adjustment limits
  • Regional social loan or guarantee where eligible

Government or structured support

  • Regional housing funds and social-credit institutions can offer loans or guarantees to eligible households
  • Tax reductions and registration duties vary by region and buyer status
  • No single national first-home grant applies everywhere

What the calculator must handle

  • Select region before taxes or support
  • Keep registration tax and notary costs separate
  • Do not mix regional social-loan criteria

Primary references: National Bank of Belgium mortgage information · Belgium housing information

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AT

Europe

Austria

How buying usually works

Fixed and variable housing loans are available. Acquisition costs and provincial housing-promotion rules can materially change buyer funds.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-rate housing loan
  • Variable Euribor-linked loan
  • Provincial subsidized housing loan

Government or structured support

  • Wohnbauförderung is administered by each Bundesland and can include low-cost loans, grants or annuity support
  • Income, household, residence and building standards vary by state
  • No national universal buyer grant is assumed

What the calculator must handle

  • Select Bundesland before support
  • Keep acquisition costs outside the mortgage
  • Apply subsidized tranche only after confirming program rules

Primary references: Austrian FMA housing-loan guidance · Austria housing promotion overview

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PT

Europe

Portugal

How buying usually works

Variable Euribor-linked, fixed and mixed-rate mortgages coexist. IMT, stamp duty, insurance and bank costs are separate.

Common loan styles

  • Euribor-linked variable mortgage
  • Fixed-rate mortgage
  • Mixed mortgage with fixed introductory period

Government or structured support

  • A state guarantee can support eligible young first-home buyers under current program limits
  • Eligible young buyers may receive IMT and stamp-duty relief subject to law and price conditions
  • Guarantees and tax relief are not cash deposits

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate Euribor and bank spread
  • Apply guarantee without treating it as equity
  • Check age, ownership, tax residency and price limits

Primary references: Banco de Portugal mortgage guidance · Portuguese government youth housing measures

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PL

Europe

Poland

How buying usually works

Mortgages use periodically fixed or variable rates tied to a reference index plus bank margin. Buyer equity and affordability rules are lender- and regulation-dependent.

Common loan styles

  • Periodically fixed-rate mortgage
  • Variable WIBOR/WIRON-linked mortgage
  • Family Housing Credit with BGK guarantee where eligible

Government or structured support

  • Family Housing Credit can replace part of the required own contribution for eligible households
  • Family-repayment support can reduce principal after qualifying family events
  • Past temporary interest-subsidy programs must not be shown as open without verification

What the calculator must handle

  • Separate reference index and margin
  • Treat guarantee as collateral support, not cash
  • Use current program availability and household rules

Primary references: Polish Financial Supervision Authority · BGK Family Housing Credit

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TR

Europe and Asia

Türkiye

How buying usually works

Housing loans are usually fixed-installment bank loans, with LTV bands based on property value and energy class. High inflation makes current quotes essential.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-installment housing loan
  • Participation-bank home finance
  • TOKİ payment plans for allocated social housing

Government or structured support

  • TOKİ develops and allocates social housing through specific campaigns and eligibility rules
  • First-home or family campaigns may offer preferential terms when officially open
  • There is no standing universal cash down-payment grant

What the calculator must handle

  • Apply current BDDK LTV band by price and energy class
  • Keep insurance, appraisal and title costs separate
  • Do not extrapolate an expired campaign

Primary references: BDDK banking rules · TOKİ housing programs

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CL

South America

Chile

How buying usually works

Mortgages are commonly denominated in inflation-indexed UF, so peso payments change with UF even when the real rate is fixed. Insurance is commonly bundled separately.

Common loan styles

  • UF-denominated fixed-rate mortgage
  • Peso-denominated mortgage
  • Subsidy-compatible mortgage and leasing arrangements

Government or structured support

  • MINVU DS1 and related programs can provide targeted home-purchase subsidies for eligible households with required savings
  • FOGAES guarantees may support financing when a program is open
  • Subsidy value, property cap and region must be verified

What the calculator must handle

  • Model UF indexation separately from interest
  • Treat required savings and subsidy separately
  • Add mandatory insurance outside principal and interest

Primary references: MINVU housing subsidies · CMF mortgage guidance

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CO

South America

Colombia

How buying usually works

Housing credit may be denominated in pesos or inflation-linked UVR. VIS and VIP classifications affect maximum financing and potential support.

Common loan styles

  • Fixed-peso housing credit
  • UVR-denominated housing credit
  • Housing leasing and VIS/VIP financing

Government or structured support

  • Mi Casa Ya targets eligible households buying qualifying VIS/VIP homes and can include down-payment or interest support under current rules
  • Family compensation funds and local programs can add support
  • Sisbén status, income, prior ownership and program funding must be checked

What the calculator must handle

  • Select pesos or UVR before calculation
  • Keep subsidy and interest coverage distinct
  • Require VIS/VIP and household eligibility before applying support

Primary references: Ministry of Housing Mi Casa Ya · Financial Superintendence housing credit

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Read the fine print

Six very different kinds of buyer help

Grant

Money or credited funds that generally do not buy an ownership share, subject to clawback and occupancy rules.

Loan guarantee

The government absorbs defined lender risk. It may lower the deposit barrier, but the buyer still owes the loan.

Subsidized loan

Preferential interest, fees or terms for an eligible buyer, often with income, price and property restrictions.

Shared equity

A public body funds part of the price and receives an equity interest that can rise or fall with the home value.

Savings access

Permission to use retirement, provident or tax-advantaged savings. These are the buyer's assets, not free money.

Allocation priority

Preferential access to housing supply or a lottery category. It does not necessarily reduce the purchase price.

Methodology

How to use this research

This page describes market structure; it does not quote a lender, promise eligibility or convert currencies. Programs can change between application and closing. Verify the current rule with the linked agency and a qualified local professional. The calculator keeps the home price and lender rate editable and should only automate a benefit after the inputs can represent its eligibility rules accurately.

National programs are listed separately from regional or municipal programs. A city-specific benefit is not generalized to the entire country, and an expired program is identified rather than silently kept current.

Sources

Official and primary references

  1. United States: HUD FHA guidance
  2. United States: VA purchase loans
  3. United States: USDA guaranteed loans
  4. Canada: FCAC down payments
  5. Canada: CRA FHSA
  6. Canada: CRA Home Buyers’ Plan
  7. United Kingdom: MoneyHelper mortgage types
  8. United Kingdom: GOV.UK affordable home schemes
  9. United Kingdom: GOV.UK Lifetime ISA
  10. Australia: ASIC MoneySmart home loans
  11. Australia: Housing Australia Home Guarantee Scheme
  12. Australia: ATO First Home Super Saver
  13. India: RBI floating-rate reset rules
  14. India: PMAY-U 2.0
  15. Germany: BaFin mortgage guidance
  16. Germany: KfW home programs
  17. France: French Economy Ministry mortgage guidance
  18. France: Service-Public PTZ
  19. Spain: Banco de España mortgage guidance
  20. Spain: ICO first-home guarantee
  21. Italy: Banca d’Italia mortgage guide
  22. Italy: Consap First Home Fund
  23. Netherlands: AFM mortgage guidance
  24. Netherlands: NHG 2026 limit
  25. Switzerland: Swiss government home financing
  26. Switzerland: FINMA mortgage market guidance
  27. Ireland: CCPC mortgage tools
  28. Ireland: First Home Scheme
  29. Ireland: Revenue Help to Buy
  30. Japan: Flat 35
  31. Japan: Japan Housing Finance Agency
  32. South Korea: Korea Housing Finance Corporation
  33. South Korea: MOLIT Housing and Urban Fund
  34. South Korea: Seoul newlywed public rental program
  35. China: People’s Bank of China
  36. China: State Council housing policy
  37. Philippines: Pag-IBIG Fund housing loans
  38. Philippines: BSP consumer protection
  39. Singapore: HDB housing loan
  40. Singapore: CPF Proximity Housing Grant guide
  41. Singapore: HDB concessionary rate
  42. United Arab Emirates: Central Bank consumer information
  43. United Arab Emirates: Sheikh Zayed Housing Programme
  44. New Zealand: Kāinga Ora First Home Loan
  45. New Zealand: Inland Revenue KiwiSaver first-home withdrawal
  46. Mexico: Infonavit credit and housing subaccount
  47. Mexico: CONDUSEF mortgage comparison
  48. Brazil: Minha Casa, Minha Vida
  49. Brazil: Caixa housing finance
  50. South Africa: First Home Finance
  51. South Africa: National Credit Regulator
  52. Hong Kong: HKMA mortgage information
  53. Hong Kong: HKMC Mortgage Insurance Programme
  54. Taiwan: Taiwan Ministry of Finance housing-loan information
  55. Taiwan: Central Bank of Taiwan
  56. Indonesia: Indonesia housing-finance fund BP Tapera
  57. Indonesia: Bank Indonesia LTV policy
  58. Malaysia: SJKP housing-credit guarantee
  59. Malaysia: Bank Negara Malaysia consumer guidance
  60. Thailand: Bank of Thailand LTV measures
  61. Thailand: Government Housing Bank
  62. Vietnam: State Bank of Vietnam
  63. Vietnam: Ministry of Construction
  64. Saudi Arabia: Sakani
  65. Saudi Arabia: Saudi Central Bank housing-finance rules
  66. Israel: Bank of Israel mortgage guidance
  67. Israel: Israel Ministry of Construction and Housing
  68. Sweden: Finansinspektionen mortgage rules
  69. Sweden: Swedish Tax Agency interest deductions
  70. Norway: Norwegian lending regulation
  71. Norway: Husbanken Startlån
  72. Denmark: Danish FSA mortgage guidance
  73. Denmark: Danmarks Nationalbank mortgage-credit overview
  74. Belgium: National Bank of Belgium mortgage information
  75. Belgium: Belgium housing information
  76. Austria: Austrian FMA housing-loan guidance
  77. Austria: Austria housing promotion overview
  78. Portugal: Banco de Portugal mortgage guidance
  79. Portugal: Portuguese government youth housing measures
  80. Poland: Polish Financial Supervision Authority
  81. Poland: BGK Family Housing Credit
  82. Türkiye: BDDK banking rules
  83. Türkiye: TOKİ housing programs
  84. Chile: MINVU housing subsidies
  85. Chile: CMF mortgage guidance
  86. Colombia: Ministry of Housing Mi Casa Ya
  87. Colombia: Financial Superintendence housing credit